Prevalence of Antibiotic Resistance Genes in the Saigon River Impacted by Anthropogenic Activities

Despite of a high abundance antibiotics, heavy metals, and organic matters detected in the Saigon River Ho Chi Minh City, level spread antibiotic resistance genes this river are poorly understood. In study, total 10 (ARGs), including conferring to aminoglycosides (aac(6)-Ib-cr), β-lactam antibiotics (blaCTX-M, blaSHV, blaTEM), quinolones (qnrA, qnrB), sulfonamides (sul1, sul2), trimethoprim (dfrA), efflux pump (oqxB), three genetic elements, integron classes 1, 2, 3 (intI1, intI2, intI3), quantified by qPCR. Water samples were collected from industrial, agricultural, residential, less impacted areas for wet dry seasons. The results present occurrence rates ARGs that observed all sampling sites with following order: sul1, sul2, dfrA > aac(6)-Ib-cr blaCTX-M, blaTEM qnrA, qnrB. Although levels integrons season found about be one order magnitude higher than those season, exact mechanisms not fully clear. correlation analysis presented here suggests contamination matter nutrients residential activities likely contributes prevalence ARGs, integrons, bacterial load, potential development aquatic environments considered here.